5. Bibliografía

-de Szalay S, Wertz PW. Protective Barriers Provided by the Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(4):3145.

-Rajkumar J, Chandan N, Lio P, Shi V. The Skin Barrier and Moisturization: Function, Disruption, and Mechanisms of Repair. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2023; 36(4):174-185.

-Orsmond A, Bereza-Malcolm L, Lynch T, March L, Xue M. Skin Barrier Dysregulation in Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(19):10841.

-Madison KC. Barrier function of the skin: “la raison d’être” of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 121(2):231-41.

-Meckfessel MH, Brandt S. The structure, function, and importance of ceramides in skin and their use as therapeutic agents in skin-care products. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014; 71(1):177-84.

-Lintzeri DA, Karimian N, Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J. Epidermal thickness in healthy humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022; 36(8):1191-1200.

-Santamaria J, Gilaberte Y, Prudkin L, Piquero-Casals J. La contaminación, un factor relevante del exposoma en el envejecimiento cutáneo y el papel de la fotoprotección multibeneficio. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas. 2025; 116(6):611-620.

-Polito MP, Marini G, Palamenghi M, Enzo E. Decoding the Human Epidermal Complexity at Single-Cell Resolution. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(10):8544.

-Yousef H, Alhajj M, Fakoya AO, Sharma S. Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis. 2024 Jun 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.

-Joshi R. Learning from eponyms: George F. Odland and Odland bodies. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2014; 5(3):334-8.

-Wertz P. Epidermal Lamellar Granules. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2018; 31(5):262-268.

-Elias PM. The how, why and clinical importance of stratum corneum acidification. Exp Dermatol. 2017; 26(11):999-1003.

-Akiyama M. Corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE), the key structure for skin barrier function and ichthyosis pathogenesis. J Dermatol Sci. 2017; 88(1):3-9.

-Fluhr JW, Moore DJ, Lane ME, Lachmann N, Rawlings AV. Epidermal barrier function in dry, flaky and sensitive skin: A narrative review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024; 38(5):812-820.

-Verdier-Sévrain S, Bonté F. Skin hydration: a review on its molecular mechanisms. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007; 6(2):75-82.

-Harding CR, Watkinson A, Rawlings AV, Scott IR. Dry skin, moisturization and corneodesmolysis. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000; 22(1):21-52.

-Jansen van Rensburg S, Franken A, Du Plessis JL. Measurement of transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration and skin surface Ph in occupational settings: A review. Skin Res Technol. 2019; 25(5):595-605.

-Harwood A, Nassereddin A, Krishnamurthy K. Moisturizers. 2024 Feb 12. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–.

-Bouwstra JA, Nădăban A, Bras W, McCabe C, Bunge A, Gooris GS. The skin barrier: An extraordinary interface with an exceptional lipid organization. Prog Lipid Res. 2023; 92:101252.

-Nielsen JB, Benfeldt E, Holmgaard R. Penetration through the Skin Barrier. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2016; 49:103-11.

-Brown TN, Armitage JM, Egeghy P, Kircanski I, Arnot JA. Dermal permeation data and models for the prioritization and screening-level exposure assessment of organic chemicals. Environ. Int. 2016; 94, 424-435.

-Ramadon D, McCrudden MTC, Courtenay AJ, Donnelly RF. Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2022; 12(4):758-791.

-Hua S. Lipid-based nano-delivery systems for skin delivery of drugs and bioactives. Front Pharmacol. 2015; 6:219.

-Alkilani AZ, McCrudden MT, Donnelly RF. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum. Pharmaceutics. 2015; 7(4):438-70.

-Illel B. Formulation for transfollicular drug administration: some recent advances. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1997; 14(3):207-19.

-Scheuplein RJ. Percutaneous absorption after twenty-five years: or “old wine in new wineskins”. J Invest Dermatol. 1976; 67(1):31-8.

-Barry BW. Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001; 14(2):101-14.

-Phatale V, Vaiphei KK, Jha S, Patil D, Agrawal M, Alexander A. Overcoming skin barriers through advanced transdermal drug delivery approaches. J Control Release. 2022; 351:361-380.

-Bos JD, Meinardi MM. The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Exp Dermatol. 2000; 9(3):165-9.

-Peng Y, Yue L, Cong Y. Enhancing Dermal Absorption of Cosmeceuticals: Innovations and Techniques for Targeted Skin Delivery. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025; 24(10):e70514).

-Li H, Shi Y, Ding X, Zhen C, Lin G, Wang F, Tang B, Li X. Recent advances in transdermal insulin delivery technology: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024; 274(Pt 2):133452.

-Nair RS, Billa N, Morris AP. Optimizing In Vitro Skin Permeation Studies to Obtain Meaningful Data in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2025; 26(5):147.

-Stepanov D, Canipa S, Wolber G. HuskinDB, a database for skin permeation of xenobiotics. Sci Data. 2020; 7(1):426.

-Waters LJ, Quah XL. Predicting skin permeability using HuskinDB. Sci Data. 2022; 9(1):584.

-Waters LJ, Cooke DJ, Quah XL. Fragment contribution models for predicting skin permeability using HuskinDB. Sci Data. 2023; 10(1):821.

-Chedik L, Baybekov S, Cosnier F, Marcou G, Varnek A, Champmartin C. An update of skin permeability data based on a systematic review of recent research. Sci Data. 2024; 11(1):224).

-Yu CC, Shah A, Amiri N, Marcus C, Nayeem MOG, Bhayadia AK, Karami A, Dagdeviren C. A Conformable Ultrasound Patch for Cavitation-Enhanced Transdermal Cosmeceutical Delivery. Adv Mater. 2023; 35(23):e2300066.

-Abels C, Angelova-Fischer I. Skin Care Products: Age-Appropriate Cosmetics. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2018; 54:173-182.

-Kirsner RS, Froelich CW. Soaps and detergents: understanding their composition and effect. Ostomy Wound Manage. 1998; 44(3A Suppl):62S-69S

-Tarun J, Susan J, Suria J, John Susan V, Criton S. Evaluation of pH of bathing soaps and shampoos for skin and hair care. Indian J Dermatol. 2014; 59: 442-4.

-Blaak J, Staib P. The Relation of pH and Skin Cleansing. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2018; 54:132-142.

-Morelli JG, Weston WL. Soaps and shampoos in pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 1987; 80:634-7.

-Kuller JM. Infant Skin Care Products: What Are the Issues? Adv Neonatal Care. 2016;16 Suppl 5S:S3-S12.

-Purnamawati S, Indrastuti N, Danarti R, Saefudin T. The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review. Clin Med Res. 2017; 15(3-4):75-87.

-Joshi LS. Herbal Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals: An Overview. Nat Prod Chem Res. 2015; 3:2-6.

-Wanjari N, Waghmare J. A review on latest trend of cosmetics-cosmeceuticals. Int J Pharma Res Rev. 2015; 4:45-51.

-Diepgen TL, Weisshaar E. Contact dermatitis: epidemiology and frequent sensitizers to cosmetics. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007; 21 Suppl 2:9-13.

-Minamoto K. Skin sensitizers in cosmetics and skin care products. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2010; 65:20-9)

-Seité S, Khemis A, Rougier A, Ortonne JP. Emollient for maintenance therapy after topical corticotherapy in mild psoriasis. Exp Dermatol. 2009; 18(12):1076-8.

–Kircik L, Alexis AF, Andriessen A, Blattner C, Glick BP, Lynde CW, Gold LS. Psoriasis and Skin Barrier Dysfunction: The Role of Gentle Cleansers and Moisturizers in Treating Psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023; 22(8):773-778.

-Draelos ZD. Active agents in common skin care products. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010; 125(2):719-724.

-Ortiz de Frutos FJ, Silvestre JF; representing the Spanish Research Group on Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (GEIDAC). Recommendations on the Use of Moisturizing Products Prepared by Spanish Dermatologists Using the Delphi Method. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2024: S0001-7310(24)00993-1.

-van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Arents BWM. Emollients and moisturizers for eczema: abridged Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol. 2017; 177(5):1256-1271.

-Kelleher MM, Phillips R, Brown SJ, Cro S, Cornelius V, Carlsen KCL, Skjerven HO, Rehbinder EM, Lowe AJ, Dissanayake E, Shimojo N, Yonezawa K, Ohya Y, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Morita K, Axon E, Cork M, Cooke A, Van Vogt E, Schmitt J, Weidinger S, McClanahan D, Simpson E, Duley L, Askie LM, Williams HC, Boyle RJ. Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 11(11):CD013534.

-Kang SY, Um JY, Chung BY, Lee SY, Park JS, Kim JC, Park CW, Kim HO. Moisturizer in Patients with Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022; 58(7):888.

-Harwood A, Nassereddin A, Krishnamurthy K. Moisturizers. 2024 Feb 12. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–.

-Iino H, Fujii M, Fujino M, Kohara S, Hashizaki K, Kira H, Koizumi N, Watanabe Y, Utoguchi N. Influence of Characteristics of Oily Vehicle on Skin Penetration of Ufenamate. Biol Pharm Bull. 2017; 40(2):220-226.

-Hon KL, Tsang YC, Pong NH, Lee VW, Luk NM, Chow CM, Leung TF. Patient acceptability, efficacy, and skin biophysiology of a cream and cleanser containing lipid complex with shea butter extract versus a ceramide product for eczema. Hong Kong Med J. 2015; 21(5):417-25.

-Dumbuya H, Yan X, Chen Y, Wangari-Olivero J, Lynch S, Brieva P, Zheng Q, Bouez C. Efficacy of Ceramide-Containing Formulations on UV-Induced Skin Surface Barrier Alterations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021; 20:s29-s35.

-Czarnowicki T, Malajian D, Khattri S, Correa da Rosa J, Dutt R, Finney R, Dhingra N, Xiangyu P, Xu H, Estrada YD, Zheng X, Gilleaudeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Suarez-Fariñas M, Shemer A, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E. Petrolatum: Barrier repair and antimicrobial responses underlying this “inert” moisturizer. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 137(4):1091-1102.

-Lodén M. Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003; 4(11):771-88.

-Celleno L. Topical urea in skincare: A review. Dermatol Ther. 2018; 31(6):e12690.

-Celleno L, D’amore A, Cheong WK. The Use of Urea Cream for Hand Eczema and Urea Foam for Seborrheic Dermatitis and Psoriasiform Dermatoses of the Scalp. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022; 15:2445-2454.

-Lee C, Bajor J, Moaddel T, Subramanian V, Lee JM, Marrero D, Rocha S, Tharp MD. Principles of Moisturizer Product Design. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019; 18(1s):s89-95.

-Hong JY, Park SJ, Seo SJ, Park KY. Oily sensitive skin: A review of management options. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020; 19(5):1016-1020.

-Simion FA, Abrutyn ES, Draelos ZD. Ability of moisturizers to reduce dry skin and irritation and to prevent their return. J Cosmet Sci. 2005; 56(6):427-44.

-Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: Moisturizers. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018; 17(2):138-144.

-Hashizume H. Skin aging and dry skin. J Dermatol. 2004; 31(8):603-9.

-López García B, Ortonobes Roig S, García Rebollar CA. Ungüentos, pomadas, cremas, geles y pastas: ¿es todo lo mismo? Form Act Pediatr Aten Prim. 2015; 8(4):183-7.

-Joergensen KM, Jemec GBE. Use of moisturizers among Danish atopic dermatitis patients-which perceived product characteristics associate with long-term adherence?. J Dermatolog Treat. 2018; 29:116-122.

–Xu S, Kwa M, Agarwal A, Rademaker A, Kundu RV. Sunscreen Product Performance and Other Determinants of Consumer Preferences. JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152(8):920-7.

-Chou M, Mikhaylov D, Lazic Strugar T. Moisturizers: A Comparison Based on Allergens and Economic Value. Dermatitis. 2018; 29:339-344.

-Gediya SK, Mistry RB, Patel UK, Blessy M, Jain HN. Herbal plants: Used as a cosmetics. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources. 2011; 1:24-32.

-Kligman AM. Guidelines for the use of topical tretinoin (Retin-A) for photoaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989; 21:650-4.

-Kligman AM. The growing importance of topical retinoids in clinical dermatology: a retrospective and prospective analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998; 39(2 Pt 3):S2-7.

-Pandey A, Jatana GK, Sonthalia S. Cosmeceuticals. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. 2023).

-Sheikh A. Beauty care products –A chemistry deleterious to human chemistry. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2017; 7:1.

-Hassan S, Thacharodi A, Priya A, Meenatchi R, Hegde TA, R T, Nguyen HT, Pugazhendhi A. Endocrine disruptors: Unravelling the link between chemical exposure and Women’s reproductive health. Environ Res. 2024; 241:117385.

-Guerra MT, Erthal RP, Punhagui-Umbelino APF, Trinque CM, Torres de Bari MA, Nunes TDM, Costa WF, Cleto PH, Fernandes GSA. Reproductive toxicity of maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl paraben (alone or in association) on both male and female Wistar offspring. J Appl Toxicol. 2023; 43(2):242-261.

-Wang L, Chen L, Schlenk D, Li F, Liu J. Parabens promotes invasive properties of multiple human cells: A potential cancer-associated adverse outcome pathway. Sci Total Environ. 2024; 926:172015.

-Nakiwala D, Noyes PD, Faure P, Chovelon B, Corne C, Gauchez AS, Guergour D, Lyon-Caen S, Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Thomsen C, Pin I, Slama R, Philippat C. Phenol and Phthalate Effects on Thyroid Hormone Levels during Pregnancy: Relying on In Vitro Assays and Adverse Outcome Pathways to Inform an Epidemiological Analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2022; 130(11):117004.

-Jacob SL, Cornell E, Kwa M, Funk WE, Xu S. Cosmetics and Cancer: Adverse Event Reports Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2018; 2(2):pky012.

-Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin. 2025; 75(1):10-45.

-Liszewski W, Zaidi AJ, Fournier E, Scheman A. Review of aluminum, paraben, and sulfate product disclaimers on personal care products. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022; 87(5):1081-1086.

-Academia Lab. (2026). Historia de la cosmética. Enciclopedia. Visitado el 22 de febrero del 2026. https://academia-lab.com/enciclopedia/historia-de-la-cosmetica/

-Sheikh A. Beauty care products – A chemistry deleterious to human chemistry. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2017; 7:1.

-Bilal M, Iqbal HM. An insight into toxicity and human-health-related adverse consequences of cosmeceuticals – A review. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 670:555–68.

-Chermahini SH, Adibah F, Majid A, Sarmidi MR. Cosmeceutical value of herbal extracts as natural ingredients and novel technologies in anti‑aging. J Med Plants Res 2011; 5:3074-7.

-Nanjwade BK. Development of cosmeceuticals. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2017; 6:643-91.

-Sathyaseelan S, Rao BH, Anushmati S. Cosmeceuticals: A transit state from synthetic to natural. Indian J Pharmacol 2024; 56(1):42-51.

-Sumit K, Vivek S, Sujata S, Ashish B. Herbal cosmetics: Used for skin and hair. Inven J 2012; 2012:1-7.

-Patkar KB. Herbal cosmetics in ancient India. Indian J Plast Surg 2008; 41:S134‑7.

-Mizukoshi K. Effects of lactic acid on the flexibility of the stratum corneum. Skin Res Technol. 2020; 26:599-607.

-Suvedi D, Kumar A, Kalia S, Kumar A, Koul S, James A, Kumar D, Nagraik R, Gulilat H. Aging and Herbal Interventions: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025; 24(7):e70335).

-Brandt FS, Cazzaniga A, Hann M. Cosmeceuticals: Current trends and market analysis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2011; 30:141-3.

-Market Research Analysis Industry Indian Herbal Cosmetic Market Outlook 2022 Latest Reports Company India. Available from: https://www.rncos.com/Market‑Analysis‑Reports/ Indian‑Herbal‑Cosmetic‑Market‑Outlook‑2022‑IM868.htm. Visualizado el 12 de enero de 2025).

-Gunjan M, Naing TW, Saini RS, Ahmad A, Naidu JR, Kumar I. Marketing trends and future prospects of herbal medicine in the treatment of various disease. World J Pharm Res 2015; 4:132‑55.

-Ezzat RZ, Stirrat T, Nichols E, Ehrlich A. Nutritional Supplements and Cosmetic Formulations: A Review of Emerging Allergens. Dermatitis. 2025. doi: 10.1177/17103568251387141.

-Mansoor K, Aburjai T, Al-Mamoori F, Schmidt M. Plants with cosmetic uses. Phytother Res. 2023; 37(12):5755-5768.

–Murphrey MB, Miao JH, Zito PM. Histology, Stratum Corneum. 2022 Nov 14. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–

-Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM. The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol. 2008; 17(12):1063-72.

-van Smeden J, Bouwstra JA. Stratum Corneum Lipids: Their Role for the Skin Barrier Function in Healthy Subjects and Atopic Dermatitis Patients. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2016; 49:8-26.

-Hebert AA, Rippke F, Weber TM, Nicol NH. Efficacy of Nonprescription Moisturizers for Atopic Dermatitis: An Updated Review of Clinical Evidence. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020; 21(5):641-655.

-Elias PM. Optimizing emollient therapy for skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022; 128(5):505-511.

-Capone K, Kirchner F, Klein SL, Tierney NK. Effects of Colloidal Oatmeal Topical Atopic Dermatitis Cream on Skin Microbiome and Skin Barrier Properties. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020; 19:524-531.

-van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Christensen R, Lavrijsen A, Arents BWM. Emollients and moisturisers for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2(2):CD012119.

-Danby SG, Andrew PV, Taylor RN, Kay LJ, Chittock J, Pinnock A, Ulhaq I, Fasth A, Carlander K, Holm T, Cork MJ. Different types of emollient cream exhibit diverse physiological effects on the skin barrier in adults with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022; 47:1154-1164.

-Danby SG, Andrew PV, Kay LJ, Pinnock A, Chittock J, Brown K, Williams SF, Cork MJ. Enhancement of stratum corneum lipid structure improves skin barrier function and protects against irritation in adults with dry, eczema-prone skin. Br J Dermatol. 2022; 186:875-886.

-Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, Kondo M, Kitazawa H, Nozaki M, Shigematsu Y, Yoshida K, Niizeki H, Motomura K, Sago H, Takimoto T, Inoue E, Kamemura N, Kido H, Hisatsune J, Sugai M, Murota H, Katayama I, Sasaki T, Amagai M, Morita H, Matsuda A, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Ohya Y. Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134(4):824-830.

-Ng PSM, Wee LWY, Ho VPY, Tan WC, Bishnoi P, Alagappan U, Wong SMY, Gan EY, Quek BH, Shen L, Su B, Common JE, Koh MJA. Moisturisers from birth in at-risk infants of atopic dermatitis – a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Australas J Dermatol. 2021; 62:e539-e545.

-Fabbrocini G, Saint Aroman M. Cosmeceuticals based on Rhealba(®) Oat plantlet extract for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014; 28 Suppl 6:1-6.

-Kanwar IL, Haider T, Kumari A, Dubey S, Jain P, Soni V. Models for acne: A comprehensive study. Drug Discov Ther. 2018; 12(6):329-340.

-Stringer T, Nagler A, Orlow SJ, Oza VS. Clinical evidence for washing and cleansers in acne vulgaris: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2018; 29:688-693.

-Barros BS, Zaenglein AL. The Use of Cosmeceuticals in Acne: Help or Hoax? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017; 18(2):159-163.

-Taha S, Taha M, Zyoud SH. Self-care methods use for acne treatment among health science students. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2025; 18:100601.

-Zip C. The Role of Skin Care in Optimizing Treatment of Acne and Rosacea. Skin Therapy Lett. 2017; 22(3):5-7.

-Goh CL, Wu Y, Welsh B, Abad-Casintahan MF, Tseng CJ, Sharad J, Jung S, Rojanamatin J, Sitohang IBS, Chan HNK. Expert consensus on holistic skin care routine: Focus on acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, and sensitive skin syndrome. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023; 22(1):45-54.

-Kircik L, Tan J, Lain ET, Beleznay K, Chavda R, Lachmann N, Brinkhuizen T, Baldwin H, Layton AM. One Acne™: A holistic management approach to improve overall skin quality and treatment outcomes in acne with or without sensitive skin. Int J Dermatol. 2025; 64(4):637-646.

-Chularojanamontri L, Tuchinda P, Kulthanan K, Pongparit K. Moisturizers for Acne: What are their Constituents? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014; 7:36-44.

-Schachner LA, Alexis AF, Andriessen A, Berson D, Gold M, Goldberg DJ, Hu S, Keri J, Kircik L, Woolery-Lloyd H. Insights into acne and the skin barrier: Optimizing treatment regimens with ceramide-containing skincare. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023; 22(11):2902-2909.

-Goh CL, Wu Y, Welsh B, Abad-Casintahan MF, Tseng CJ, Sharad J, Jung S, Puangpet P, Chan HNK, Kon K. Challenges and real-world solutions for adoption of holistic skincare routine (cleansing, treatment, moisturization, and photoprotection) in acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, and sensitive skin: An expert consensus. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024; 23(8):2516-2523.

-Belmontesi M. Integrating Dermocosmetic Therapy for Acne: Addressing Severity Levels in Real-Life Experiences. J Drugs Dermatol. 2025; 24(1):88-94.

-Choi K, Liu H, Zhu Y, Jiang Z, Lu S. A Case-Control Study Exploring the Association Between Cosmetic Use and Acne Risk: Implications for Prevention and Clinical Practice. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2025; 18:1833-1843.

-Singh S, Mann BK, Tiwary NK. Acne cosmetica revisited: a case-control study shows a dose-dependent inverse association between overall cosmetic use and post-adolescent acne. Dermatology. 2013; 226(4):337-41.

-Khanna N, Gupta SD. Acneiform eruptions after facial beauty treatment. Int J Dermatol. 1999; 38(3):196-9.

-Fulton JE Jr, Bradley S, Aqundez A, Black T. Non-comedogenic cosmetics. Cutis. 1976; 17(2):349-51.

-Valentino A, Fimiani M, Baiocchi R, Bilenchi R, Perotti R, Castelli A, Mancianti ML, Raffaelli M. Acne cosmetica e test di comedogenicita’ [Cosmetic acne and a test of comedogenicity]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1984; 60(10):1845-8.

-Draelos ZD, DiNardo JC. A re-evaluation of the comedogenicity concept. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006; 54(3):507-12.

-Gether L, Overgaard LK, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP. Incidence and prevalence of rosacea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018; 179(2):282-289.

-Kang CN, Shah M, Lynde C, Fleming P. Hair Removal Practices: A Literature Review. Skin Therapy Lett. 2021; 26(5):6-11.

-Powell FC. Clinical practice. Rosacea. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(8):793-803.

-Heisig M, Reich A. Psychosocial aspects of rosacea with a focus on anxiety and depression. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018; 11:103-107.

-Draelos ZD. Cosmeceuticals for rosacea. Clin Dermatol. 2017; 35(2):213-217.

-Frazier W, Zemtsov RK, Ge Y. Rosacea: Common Questions and Answers. Am Fam Physician. 2024; 109(6):533-542.

-Menashe S, Bermejo IG, Lois M, Molinari LM, Reig MI. Effective Treatment of Rosacea and Telangiectasias Using IPL. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025; 24(8):e70357.

-Lee JH, Kim M, Bae JM, Cho BK, Park HJ. Efficacy of the long-pulsed 1064-nm neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser (LPND) (rejuvenation mode) in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea (PPR): A pilot study of clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction in 30 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73(2):333-6.

-Akin G, Akarsu S, Avcı C. How Does Illness Perception Affect the Quality of Life and Sun Protection Behaviors of Rosacea Patients? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2024; 40(5):e12998.

-Yang F, Wang L, Shucheng H, Jiang X. Differences in clinical characteristics of rosacea across age groups: A retrospective study of 840 female patients. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023; 22(3):949-957.

-Bonamigo RR, Barea P, Peruzzo J, Boza J, Miot HA, Bagatin E, Almeida LMC, Milano GI, Lima CWG, Vidal LF, Picosse FR, Afonso BMF, Oliveira CMM. Clinical-demographic profile, aggravating factors, comorbidities, and quality of life in patients with Rosacea: a Brazilian multicenter study (GBPER: Brazilian Research and Studies Group on Rosacea). An Bras Dermatol. 2025; 100(5):501160.

-Sobkowska D, Szałapska A, Pawlaczyk M, Urbańska M, Micek I, Wróblewska-Kończalik K, Sobkowska J, Jałowska M, Gornowicz-Porowska J. The Role of Cosmetology in an Effective Treatment of Rosacea: A Narrative Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2023; 16:1419-1430.

-Farris PK. Skin care based on science: improving outcomes in rosacea. Cosmetic Dermatol. 2012; 25(2):72-8.

-Dirschka T, Tronnier H, Folster-Holst R. Epithelial barrier function and atopic diathesis in rosacea and perioral dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2004; 150(6):1136-41.

-Del Rosso JQ. The use of moisturizers as an integral component of topical therapy for rosacea: clinical results based on the assessment of skin characteristics study. Cutis. 2009; 84(2):72-6.

-Jappe U, Schafer T, Schnuch A, Uter W. Contact allergy in patients with rosacea: a clinic-based, prospective epidemiological study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008; 22(10):1208-14.

-Torok HM. Rosacea skin care. Cutis 2000; 66:14-16.

-Huang YX, Li J, Zhao ZX, Zheng BL, Deng YX, Shi W, Steinhoff M, Xie HF. Effects of skin care habits on the development of rosacea: A multi-center retrospective case-control survey in Chinese population. PLoS One. 2020; 15(4):e0231078.

-Schaller M, Almeida LM, Bewley A, Cribier B, Dlova NC, Kautz G, Mannis M, Oon HH, Rajagopalan M, Steinhoff M, Thiboutot D, Troielli P, Webster G, Wu Y, van Zuuren E, Tan J. Rosacea treatment update: recommendations from the global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel. Br J Dermatol. 2017; 176(2):465-471.

-Couteau C, Diarra H, Schmitt Z, Coiffard L. Study of the composition of 140 shampoos: similarities and differences depending  on the sales channel used. Eur J Dermatol. 2019; 29:141-159.

-Trüeb RM, Henry JP, Davis MG, Schwartz JR. Scalp Condition Impacts Hair Growth and Retention via Oxidative Stress. Int J Trichology. 2018; 10:262-270.

-Draelos ZD. Hair care and dyeing. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2015; 47:121-7.

-Sechi A, Marzano AV, Belloni-Fortina A, Zambello A. Concomitant Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: A Potential Trigger for Relapse or Onset? Skin Appendage Disord. 2025 Apr;11(2):198-201.

-Piotrowska A, Wierzbicka J, Żmijewski MA. Vitamin D in the skin physiology and pathology. Acta Biochim Pol. 2016; 63(1):17-29.

-Addor FAS, Barcaui CB, Gomes EE, Lupi O, Marçon CR, Miot HA. Sunscreen lotions in the dermatological prescription: review of concepts and controversies. An Bras Dermatol. 2022; 97(2):204-222.

-Gruber P, Zito PM. Skin Cancer. 2023 May 14. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–.

-Gabros S, Nessel TA, Zito PM. Sunscreens and Photoprotection. 2023. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–.

–Whiteman DC, Neale RE, Aitken J, Gordon L, Green AC, Janda M, Olsen CM, Soyer HP; Sunscreen Summit Policy Group. When to apply sunscreen: a consensus statement for Australia and New Zealand. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2019; 43(2):171-175.

-Garbe C, Forsea AM, Amaral T, Arenberger P, Autier P, Berwick M, Boonen B, Bylaite M, Del Marmol V, Dreno B, Fargnoli MC, Geller AC, Green AC, Greinert R, Hauschild A, Harwood CA, Hoorens I, Kandolf L, Kaufmann R, Kelleners-Smeets N, Lallas A, Lebbé C, Leiter U, Lim HW, Longo C, Malvehy J, Moreno D, Pellacani G, Peris K, Robert C, Saiag P, Schadendorf D, Peter Soyer H, Stockfleth E, Stratigos A, Uhara H, Vieira R, Volkmer B, Weinstock MA, Whitaker D, Zalaudek I, Whiteman DC, Brochez L.. Skin cancers are the most frequent cancers in fair-skinned populations, but we can prevent them. Eur J Cancer. 2024; 204:114074.

-Schmalwieser AW, Gröbner J, Blumthaler M, Klotz B, De Backer H, Bolsée D, Werner R, Tomsic D, Metelka L, Eriksen P, Jepsen N, Aun M, Heikkilä A, Duprat T, Sandmann H, Weiss T, Bais A, Toth Z, Siani AM, Vaccaro L, Diémoz H, Grifoni D, Zipoli G, Lorenzetto G, Petkov BH, di Sarra AG, Massen F, Yousif C, Aculinin AA, den Outer P, Svendby T, Dahlback A, Johnsen B, Biszczuk-Jakubowska J, Krzyscin J, Henriques D, Chubarova N, Kolarž P, Mijatovic Z, Groselj D, Pribullova A, Gonzales JRM, Bilbao J, Guerrero JMV, Serrano A, Andersson S, Vuilleumier L, Webb A, O’Hagan J. UV Index monitoring in Europe. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2017; 16(9):1349-1370.

-Garbe B, Kockott D, Werner M, Theek C, Heinrich U, Braun N. The Influence of Short-Wave and Long-Wave Radiation Spectrum on the Photostability of Sunscreens. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2020; 33(2):77-85.

-Dillane D, Balanay JAG. Comparison between EPA UV index app and UV monitor to assess risk for solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in agricultural settings in Eastern North Carolina. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2021; 18(1):16-27.

–Casanova JM, Vilardell F, Gari E. Fotocarcinogénesis cutánea y respuesta inmune. FMC. Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria. 2023; 30(3):1-13.

–Merin KA, Shaji M, Kameswaran R. A Review on Sun Exposure and Skin Diseases. Indian J Dermatol. 2022; 67(5):625.

-Taylor SC, Alexis AF, Armstrong AW, Chiesa Fuxench ZC, Lim HW. Misconceptions of photoprotection in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022; 86(3S):S9-S17.

-Matas-Nadal C, Sagristà M, Gómez-Arbonés X, Sobrino Bermejo C, Fernández-Armenteros JM, Àngel Baldó J, Casanova Seuma JM, Aguayo Ortiz R. Risk factors for early-onset basal cell carcinomas and the trend towards their female predominance. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2021; 19(3):364-371.

–Berman H, Shimshak S, Reimer D, Brigham T, Hedges MS, Degesys C, Tolaymat L. Skin Cancer in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Review for the Nondermatologist. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022; 97(12):2355-2368

-Herzog B, Schultheiss A, Giesinger J. On the Validity of Beer-Lambert Law and its Significance for Sunscreens. Photochem Photobiol. 2018; 94(2):384-389.

–Levy SB. How high the SPF?. Arch Dermatol. 1995; 131(12):1463-4.

-Kaidbey KH. The photoprotective potential of the new superpotent sunscreens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990; 22(3):449-52.

–Henderson SI, King KL, Karipidis KK, Tinker RA, Green AC. Effectiveness, compliance and application of sunscreen for solar ultraviolet radiation protection in Australia. Public Health Res Pract. 2022; 32(1):3212205.

-Solano F. Photoprotection and Skin Pigmentation: Melanin-Related Molecules and Some Other New Agents Obtained from Natural Sources. Molecules. 2020; 25(7):1537.

–Lautenschlager S, Wulf HC, Pittelkow MR. Photoprotection. Lancet. 2007; 370(9586):528-37.

-Mancuso JB, Maruthi R, Wang SQ, Lim HW. Sunscreens: An Update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017; 18(5):643-650.

–Baig IT, Petronzio A, Maphet B, Chon S. A Review of the Impact of Sun Safety Interventions in Children. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2023; 13(1):e2023066.

–McKenzie C, Nahm WJ, Kearney CA, Zampella JG. Sun-protective behaviors and sunburn among US adults. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023; 315(6):1665-1674.

–Diehl K, Schneider S, Seuffert S, Greinert R, Görig T. Who Are the Nonusers of Sunscreen, and What Are Their Reasons? Development of a New Item Set. J Cancer Educ. 2021; 36(5):1045-1053.

-Passeron T, Lim HW, Goh CL, Kang HY, Ly F, Morita A, Ocampo Candiani J, Puig S, Schalka S, Wei L, Dréno B, Krutmann J. Photoprotection according to skin phototype and dermatoses: practical recommendations from an expert panel. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021; 35(7):1460-1469).

-Tribby CP, Julian AK, Perna FM. Perceived Usefulness and Recall of Sunscreen Label Information by Consumers. JAMA Dermatol. 2021; 157:573-576.

-Hernandez LE, Mohsin N, Frech F, Nouri K. Sunscreen compliance with American Academy of Dermatology recommendations: A 2022 update and cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023; 88(1):231-232.

-Kandolf L, Peris K, Malvehy J, Mosterd K, Heppt MV, Fargnoli MC, Berking C, Arenberger P, Bylaite-Bučinskiene M, Del Marmol V, Dirschka T, Dreno B, Forsea AM, Harwood CA, Hauschild A, Heerfordt IM, Kauffman R, Kelleners-Smeets N, Lallas A, Lebbe C, Leiter U, Longo C, Mijušković Ž, Pellacani G, Puig S, Saiag P, Šitum M, Stockfleth E, Salavastru C, Stratigos A, Zalaudek I, Garbe C; European Association of Dermato‐Oncology, European Dermatology Forum, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology and Union of Medical Specialists (Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes). European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of actinic keratoses, epithelial UV-induced dysplasia and field cancerization on behalf of European Association of Dermato-Oncology, European Dermatology Forum, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology and Union of Medical Specialists (Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024; 38(6):1024-1047.

–Xu S, Kwa M, Agarwal A, Rademaker A, Kundu RV. Sunscreen Product Performance and Other Determinants of Consumer Preferences. JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152(8):920-7.

-Tanner PR. Sunscreen product formulation. Dermatol Clin. 2006; 24(1):53-62.

-Dromgoole SH, Maibach HI. Sunscreening agent intolerance: contact and photocontact sensitization and contact urticaria. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990; 22(6 Pt 1):1068-78.

–González-Muñoz P, Conde-Salazar L, Vañó-Galván S. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by cosmetic products. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014; 105(9):822-32.

–Kullavanijaya P, Lim HW. Photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005; 52(6):937-58, Ludriksone L, Elsner P. Adverse Reactions to Sunscreens. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2021; 55:223-23.

-Matta MK, Zusterzeel R, Pilli NR, Patel V, Volpe DA, Florian J, Oh L, Bashaw E, Zineh I, Sanabria C, Kemp S, Godfrey A, Adah S, Coelho S, Wang J, Furlong LA, Ganley C, Michele T, Strauss DG. Effect of Sunscreen Application Under Maximal Use Conditions on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019; 321(21):2082-2091.

-Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, Pilli NR, Patel V, Volpe DA, Yang Y, Oh L, Bashaw E, Zineh I, Sanabria C, Kemp S, Godfrey A, Adah S, Coelho S, Wang J, Furlong LA, Ganley C, Michele T, Strauss DG. Effect of Sunscreen Application on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020; 323(3):256-267.

-Mustieles V, Balogh RK, Axelstad M, Montazeri P, Márquez S, Vrijheid M, Draskau MK, Taxvig C, Peinado FM, Berman T, Frederiksen H, Fernández MF, Marie Vinggaard A, Andersson AM. Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies. Environ Int. 2023; 173:107739.

-Chang H, Li J, Zhang C, Qian W. Octocrylene exposure impairs mouse oocyte quality by inducing spindle defects and mitochondria dysfunction. Toxicology. 2022; 479:153306.

–Avenel-Audran M, Dutartre H, Goossens A, Jeanmougin M, Comte C, Bernier C, Benkalfate L, Michel M, Ferrier-Lebouëdec MC, Vigan M, Bourrain JL, Outtas O, Peyron JL, Martin L. Octocrylene, an emerging photoallergen. Arch Dermatol. 2010; 146(7):753-7).

-Young AR, Narbutt J, Harrison GI, Lawrence KP, Bell M, O’Connor C, Olsen P, Grys K, Baczynska KA, Rogowski-Tylman M, Wulf HC, Lesiak A, Philipsen PA. Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn. Br J Dermatol. 2019; 181(5):1052-1062.

-Giustina A, Bouillon R, Dawson-Hughes B, Ebeling PR, Lazaretti-Castro M, Lips P, Marcocci C, Bilezikian JP. Vitamin D in the older population: a consensus statement. Endocrine. 2023; 79(1):31-44.

-Couteau C, Mustieles V, Balogh RK, Axelstad M, Montazeri P, Márquez S, Vrijheid M, et al. Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies. Environ Int. 2023; 173:107739.

-Chatzigianni M, Pavlou P, Siamidi A, Vlachou M, Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S. Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review. Ecotoxicology. 2022; 31(9):1331-1345.

-Zirwas MJ, Andrasik W. Can Sunscreens Harm Coral Reefs? Addressing Environmental Concerns and Offering Practical Recommendations. Skinmed. 2018; 16(4):223-229.

-Schneider SL, Lim HW. Review of environmental effects of oxybenzone and other sunscreen active ingredients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80(1):266-271.

-Berardesca E, Zuberbier T, Sanchez Viera M, Marinovich M. Review of the safety of octocrylene used as an ultraviolet filter in cosmetics. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019; 33 Suppl 7:25-33.

-Barnes TM, Mijaljica D, Townley JP, Spada F, Harrison IP. Vehículos para la administración de fármacos y humectantes cosméticos: Revisión y comparación. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13(12):2012.

-Weiss SC. Conventional topical delivery systems. Dermatol Ther 2011; 24:471-6.

-Galindo E, Hebert AA. A comparative review of current topical antibiotics for impetigo. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021; 20(6):677-683.

-Rosen T, Albareda N, Rosenberg N, Alonso FG, Roth S, Zsolt I, Hebert AA. Efficacy and Safety of Ozenoxacin Cream for Treatment of Adult and Pediatric Patients With Impetigo: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018; 154(7):806–813.

-Tuesta BL, Arones-Santayana CA, Sáenz GAV, Alberca-Naira Y, Torres HIC, Castellanos AB, Quintanilla DBM, Yangali-Vicente J, Barboza JJ. Ozenoxacin 1% in Pediatric and Adult Patients with Impetigo: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. J Clin Med. 2025; 14(7):2157.

-Dallo M, Patel K, Hebert AA. Topical Antibiotic Treatment in Dermatology. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023; 12(2):188.

-Patel AB, Lighter J, Fulmer Y, Copin R, Ratner AJ, Shopsin B. Retapamulin Activity Against Pediatric Strains of Mupirocin-resistant Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021; 40(7):637-638.

-Abtahi-Naeini B, Sattari H, Afshar K, Rastegarnasab F, Pourmahdi-Boroujeni M. Efficacy and Safety of Topical Dapsone in Dermatology: A Scoping Review of Clinical Studies. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025; 24(10):e70494.

-De Grau-Bassal G, Calpena-Campmany AC, Silva-Abreu M, Suñer-Carbó J, Mallandrich-Miret M, Martínez-Ruiz S, Cordero C, Del Pozo A, Febrer NB. Emulgel Containing Metronidazole and Clindamycin for the Treatment of Rosacea. Pharmaceutics. 202; 17(2):168.

-Searle T, Ali FR, Al-Niaimi F. Perioral dermatitis: Diagnosis, proposed etiologies, and management. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021; 20(12):3839-3848.

-Elizalde-Jiménez IG, Ruiz-Hernández FG, Carmona-Cruz SA, Pastrana-Arellano E, Aquino-Andrade A, Romo-González C, Arias-de la Garza E, Álvarez-Villalobos NA, García-Romero MT. Global Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2024; 160(11):1171–1181.

-El-Gohary M, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Burgess H, Doney L, Stuart B, Moore M, Little P. Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; (8):CD009992.

-Sonego B, Corio A, Mazzoletti V, Zerbato V, Benini A, di Meo N, Zalaudek I, Stinco G, Errichetti E, Zelin E. Trichophyton indotineae, un dermatofito emergente resistente a los medicamentos: una revisión de las opciones de tratamiento. Revista de Medicina Clínica. 2024; 13(12):3558.

-Gilbert C. What is vitamin A and why do we need it? Community Eye Health. 2013; 26(84):65.

-WHO. Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Rome (Italy): FAO; 2001.

-Ghyselinck NB, Duester G. Retinoic acid signaling pathways. Development. 2019; 146(13):dev167502-Debelo H, Novotny JA, Ferruzzi MG. Vitamin A. Adv Nutr. 2017; 8(6):992-994.

-Riahi RR, Bush AE, Cohen PR. Topical retinoids: therapeutic mechanisms in the treatment of photodamaged skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016; 17(3):265-276.

-Debelo H, Novotny JA, Ferruzzi MG. Vitamin A. Adv Nutr. 2017; 8(6):992-994.

-VanBuren CA, Everts HB. Vitamin A in Skin and Hair: An Update. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2952.

-Everts HB. Endogenous retinoids in the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012; 1821:222–229.

-Łuczak JW, Palusińska M, Maślińska-Gromadka K, Pietrzak D, Szopiński T, Lewicki S, Schenk T, Szymański Ł. The Next Generation of Skin Care: Transforming Retinoid Therapeutics. Cells. 2025; 14(21):1650.

-Sami N, 2021.

-Dessinioti C, Katsambas A. Vitamins and the skin: Vitamin A and retinoids in dermatology. Clin Dermatol. 2026; 44(2):212-222.

-Bouchelkia I, Tyring S. Topical Isotretinoin: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. Cureus. 2025; 17(8):e90820.

-Tan JK, Bhate K. A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 172 Suppl 1:3-12.

-Eichenfield DZ, Sprague J, Eichenfield LF. Management of Acne Vulgaris: A Review. JAMA. 2021; 326(20):2055-2067.

-Mavranezouli I, Daly CH, Welton NJ, Deshpande S, Berg L, Bromham N, Arnold S, Phillippo DM, Wilcock J, Xu J, Ravenscroft JC, Wood D, Rafiq M, Fou L, Dworzynski K, Healy E. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of topical pharmacological, oral pharmacological, physical and combined treatments for acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2022; 187(5):639-649.

-Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, Cook-Bolden F, Desai SR, Druby KM, Freeman EE, Keri JE, Stein Gold LF, Tan JKL, Tollefson MM, Weiss JS, Wu PA, Zaenglein AL, Han JM, Barbieri JS. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024; 90(5):1006.e1-1006.e30.

-Lain E, Day D, Harper J, Guenin E. Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: Impact of Gender and Race on Efficacy and Safety. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019; 18(11):1128-1138.

-Dreno B, Kang S, Leyden J, York J. Update: Mechanisms of Topical Retinoids in Acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022; 21(7):734-740.

-Stein Gold L, Baldwin H, Kircik LH, Weiss JS, Pariser DM, Callender V, Lain E, Gold M, Beer K, Draelos Z, Sadick N, Pillai R, Bhatt V, Tanghetti EA. Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Clindamycin Phosphate 1.2%, Benzoyl Peroxide 3.1%, and Adapalene 0.15% Gel for Moderate-to-Severe Acne: A Randomized Phase II Study of the First Triple-Combination Drug. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022 Jan;23(1):93-104.

-Irby CE, Yentzer BA, Feldman SR. A review of adapalene in the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Adolesc Health. 2008; 43(5):421-4.

-Tolaymat L, Dearborn H, Zito PM. Adapalene. 2023 Jun 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.

-Milosheska D, Roškar R. Use of Retinoids in Topical Antiaging Treatments: A Focused Review of Clinical Evidence for Conventional and Nanoformulations. Adv Ther. 2022; 39(12):5351-5375.

-Dréno B, Layton AM, Troielli P, Rocha M, Chavda R. Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide gel 0.3%/2.5% for acne vulgaris. Eur J Dermatol. 2022; 32(4):445-450.

-Vender R, Lynde C, Prajapati V, Zeinab R, Legault M, Hong HH, Barakat M. A Canadian Real-World Study of Fixed-DOSE combination of Halobetasol Propionate 0.01%/Tazarotene 0.045% Lotion for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis. Clin Ther. 2025; 47(6):445-449.

-Tanghetti EA, Lebwohl MG, Gold LS, Green L, Draelos ZD, Jacobson A. Resolving Hyperkeratotic Psoriasis: Mechanisms of Action and Additive Effects of Fixed-Combination Halobetasol Propionate and Tazarotene. J Drugs Dermatol. 2025; 24(8):795-801.

-Chandraratna RA. Tazarotene: the first receptor-selective topical retinoid for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997; 37(2 Pt 3):S12-S17.

-Tan J, Chavda R, Baldwin H, Dreno B. Management of Acne Vulgaris With Trifarotene. J Cutan Med Surg. 2023; 27(4):368-374.

-Wagner N, Benkali K, Alió Sáenz A, Poncet M, Grae ber M. Clinical pharmacology and safety of trifarotene, a first- in- class RARγ-selective topical retinoid. J Clin Pharma col. 2020; 60(5):660-668.

-Callender VD, Baldwin H, Cook-Bolden FE, Alexis AF, Stein Gold L, Guenin E. Effects of Topical Retinoids on Acne and Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Patients with Skin of Color: A Clinical Review and Implications for Practice. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022; 23(1):69-81.

-Darlenski R, Surber C, Fluhr JW. Topical retinoids in the management of photodamaged skin: from theory to evidence-based practical approach. Br J Dermatol. 2010; 163(6):1157-1165.

-Griffiths CE, Russman AN, Majmudar G, Singer RS, Hamilton TA, Voorhees JJ. Restoration of collagen formation in photodamaged human skin by tretinoin (retinoic acid). N Engl J Med. 1993; 329(8):530-535.

-Griffiths TW, Watson REB, Langton AK. Skin ageing and topical rejuvenation strategies. Br J Dermatol. 2023; 189(Suppl 1):i17-i23.

-Molinelli E, Gioacchini H, Marani A, Rizzetto G, Gambini D, De Simoni E, Offidani A, Simonetti O. Topical and Systemic Retinoids in the Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2024; 14(5):1079-1091.

-Zasada M, Budzisz E. Retinoids: active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treat ments. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2019; 36(4):392-397.

-Babamiri K, Nassab R. Cosmeceuticals: the evidence behind the retinoids. Aesthet Surg J. 2010; 30(1):74-77.

-Huang P, Chandra V, Rastinejad F. Retinoic acid actions through mammalian nuclear receptors. Chem Rev. 2014; 114(1):233-54.

-Tyler KH. Dermatologic therapy in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 58(1):112-118.

-Butler DC, Heller MM, Murase JE. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014; 70(3):417.

-Anderson PO. Topical drugs in nursing mothers. Breastfeed Med. 2018;13(1):5-7.

-Kaplan YC, Ozsarfati J, Etwel F, Nickel C, Nulman I, Koren G. Pregnancy outcomes following first-trimester exposure to topical retinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 173(5):1132-41.

-Chien AL, Qi J, Rainer B, Sachs DL, Helfrich YR. Treatment of Acne in Pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016; 29(2):254-62.

-Rau A, Keri J, Murase JE. Management of Acne in Pregnancy. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024; 25(3):465-471.

-Das A, Panda S. Use of Topical Corticosteroids in Dermatology: An Evidence-based Approach. Indian J Dermatol. 2017; 62(3):237-250.

-Gabros S, Nessel TA, Zito PM. Topical Corticosteroids. 2025 Apr 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.

-DiRuggiero D, DiRuggiero M. Beyond skin deep: The systemic impact of topical corticosteroids in dermatology. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2025; 18(1-2 Suppl 1):S16-S20.

-Hwang J, Lio PA. Topical corticosteroid withdrawal (‘steroid addiction’): an update of a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022; 33(3):1293-1298.

-Gadina M. JAK inhibitors: Is specificity at all relevant? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2024; 64S:152327.

-Kiełbowski K, Plewa P, Bratborska AW, Bakinowska E, Pawlik A. JAK Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Immunomodulatory Properties and Clinical Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(15):8327.

-Garcia‑Melendo C, Cubiró X, Puig L. Inhibidores de JAK: usos en dermatología. Parte 1: generalidades, aplicaciones en vitíligo y en alopecia areata. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2021; 112(6):503‑515.

-Howell MD, Kuo FI, Smith PA. Targeting the Janus Kinase Family in Autoimmune Skin Diseases. Front Immunol. 2019; 10:2342.

-Rademaker M, Foley P, Armour K, Baker C, Gebauer K, Gupta M, Ireland P, Kennedy H, Marshman G, McMeniman E, Rubel D, Slape D, Sullivan J, Verheyden M, Wong LC. Consensus on the Use of JAKinibs for Atopic Dermatitis in Australia and New Zealand. An eDelphi by the Australasian Medical Dermatology Group. Australas J Dermatol. 2025; 66(5):e287-e296.

-Bandeira A, Albino-Teixeira A, Magina S. Systematic review – alopecia areata and tofacitinib in paediatric patients. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2022; 41(2):194-201.

-Pender EK, Kirby B. An update on topical therapies for psoriasis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2024; 36(4):289-294.

-Weingarten M, Schwartz M, Heath C, Silverberg NB. The Pediatric Dermatologist’s View of Pediatric Vitiligo. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024; 23(2):e77-e78.

-Huang IH, Chung WH, Wu PC, Chen CB. JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: An updated review. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:1068260.

-Fardos MI, Singh R, Perche PO, Kelly KA, Feldman SR. Evaluating topical JAK inhibitors as a treatment option for atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2022; 18(3):221-231.

-Chovatiya R, Paller AS. JAK inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021; 148(4):927-940.

-Zalewski A, Szepietowski JC. Topical and systemic JAK inhibitors in hand eczema – a narrative review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2023; 19(4):365-373.

-Inoue S, Suzuki T, Sano S, Katayama I. JAK inhibitors for the treatment of vitiligo. J Dermatol Sci. 2024; 113(3):86-92.

-Lee HH, Gwillim E, Patel KR, Hua T, Rastogi S, Ibler E, Silverberg JI. Epidemiology of alopecia areata, ophiasis, totalis, and universalis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 82(3):675-682.

-Adhanom R, Ansbro B, Castelo-Soccio L. Epidemiology of Pediatric Alopecia Areata. Pediatr Dermatol. 2025; 42 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):12-23.

-Barton VR, Toussi A, Awasthi S, Kiuru M. Treatment of pediatric alopecia areata: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022; 86(6):1318-1334.

-Damsky W, King BA. JAK inhibitors in dermatology: The promise of a new drug class. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017; 76(4):736-744.

-Böll SL, Seyed Jafari SM, Conrad C, Schlapbach C. Topical Ruxolitinib and Delgocitinib Versus Systemic JAK Inhibitors: A Comparative Safety Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025; 26(21):10592.

-Bidell MR, Lodise TP. Use of oral tetracyclines in the treatment of adult outpatients with skin and skin structure infections: Focus on doxycycline, minocycline, and omadacycline. Pharmacotherapy. 2021; 41(11):915-931.

-Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Hawke K, Guo L, Kerin G, Bell-Syer SE, Magin P, Bell-Syer SV, van Driel ML. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 7(7):CD010031.

-Nenoff P, Klonowski E, Uhrlaß S, Schaller M, Paasch U, Mayser P. Topische und systemische antimykotische Behandlung von Dermatomykosen [Dermatomycoses: topical and systemic antifungal treatment]. Dermatologie (Heidelb). 2024; 75(8):655-673.

-Gupta AK, Haas-Neill S, Talukder M. The safety of oral antifungals for the treatment of onychomycosis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2023; 22(12):1169-1178.

-Zaraa I, Dehavay F, Richert B. Onychomycosis. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2024; 43S:101638.

-Hsieh CY, Tsai TF. Use of H-1 Antihistamine in Dermatology: More than Itch and Urticaria Control: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021; 11(3):719-732.

-Hu Y, Sieck DE, Hsu WH. Why are second-generation H1-antihistamines minimally sedating? Eur J Pharmacol. 2015; 765:100-6.

-Rupert J, Honeycutt JD. Pruritus: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2022; 105(1):55-64.

-Nguyen MTT, Le MH, Vu MN, Baumann K, Skov PS, Le DH. Clinical and quality of life improvement after bilastine treatment among patients with autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria. PLoS One. 2025; 20(8):e0326445).

-Sneha B, Narasimhan M, Durai PCT, Ramakrishnan R. A Prospective Randomized Non-Blinded Study of Safety and Efficacy of Bilastine Up-Dosing (40 mg) Versus Combination of Bilastine 20 mg With Levocetirizine 5 mg in the Treatment of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2024; 69(3):226-231.

-Hooten J, Hall R 3rd, Cardones A. Updates on the management of autoimmune blistering diseases. Skin Therapy Lett. 2014; 19(5):1-6.

-Mertens JS, Seyger MMB, Thurlings RM, Radstake TRDJ, de Jong EMGJ. Morphea and Eosinophilic Fasciitis: An Update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017; 18(4):491-512.

-López LA, Vilá LM. Dual Autoimmunity: A Case Report of the Sequential Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Patient With Anti-MDA5 Dermatomyositis. Cureus. 2025 May 7;17(5):e83686.

-Mongin D, Matucci-Cerinic M, Walker UA, Distler O, Becvar R, Siegert E, Ananyeva LP, Smith V, Alegre-Sancho JJ, Yavuz S, Limonta M, Riemekasten G, Rezus E, Vonk M, Truchetet ME, Del Galdo F, Courvoisier DS, Iudici M; EUSTAR Collaborators. Oral Glucocorticoids for Skin Fibrosis in Early Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis: A Target Trial Emulation Study From the European Scleroderma Trials and Research Group Database. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2025; 77(5):649-657.

-Moghadam-Kia S, Werth VP. Prevention and treatment of systemic glucocorticoid side effects. Int J Dermatol. 2010; 49(3):239-48.

-Silva CSD, Criado PR. Side effects of chronic systemic glucocorticoid therapy: what dermatologists should know. Anais Bras Dermatol. 2024; 99(2):191-203.

-Khalil S, Bardawil T, Stephan C, Darwiche N, Abbas O, Kibbi AG, Nemer G, Kurban M. Retinoids: a journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017; 28(8):684-696.

-Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, Cook-Bolden F, Desai SR, Druby KM, Freeman EE, Keri JE, Stein Gold LF, Tan JKL, Tollefson MM, Weiss JS, Wu PA, Zaenglein AL, Han JM, Barbieri JS. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024; 90(5):1006.e1-1006.e30.

-Lai J, Barbieri JS. Acne Relapse and Isotretinoin Retrial in Patients With Acne. JAMA Dermatol. 2025; 161(4):367-374.

-Kolios AG, Yawalkar N, Anliker M, Boehncke WH, Borradori L, Conrad C, Gilliet M, Häusermann P, Itin P, Laffitte E, Mainetti C, French LE, Navarini AA. Swiss S1 Guidelines on the Systemic Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris. Dermatology. 2016; 232(4):385-406.

-Lowe MN, Plosker GL. Bexarotene. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000; 1(4):245-250.

-Wolverton S, Wu J. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 4th ed. Elselvier; 2020:535.

-Pile HD, Patel P. Isotretinoin. 2025 Dec 13. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.

-Paichitrojjana A, Paichitrojjana A. Oral Isotretinoin and Its Uses in Dermatology: A Review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023; 17:2573-2591.

-Villani A, Nastro F, Di Vico F, Fabbrocini G, Annunziata MC, Genco L. Oral isotretinoin for acne: a complete overview. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2022; 21(8):1027-1037.

-Santer M, Burden-Teh E, Ravenscroft J. Managing acne vulgaris: an update. Drug Ther Bull. 2023; 62(1):6-10.

-Truax L, Hendrixson M, Naqvi J, Trevino J. Use of oral retinoids in the perioperative period by surgical specialty: a literature review. Arch Dermatol Res. 2025; 317(1):174.

-Zito PM, Patel P, Mazzoni T. Acitretin. 2024 Feb 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.

-Sarkar R, Chugh S, Garg VK. Acitretin in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013; 79(6):759-71.

-Ighani A, Partridge ACR, Shear NH, Lynde C, Gulliver WP, Sibbald C, Fleming P. Comparison of Management Guidelines for Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis: A Review of Phototherapy, Systemic Therapies, and Biologic Agents. J Cutan Med Surg. 2019; 23(2):204-221.

-Guenther LC, Kunynetz R, Lynde CW, Sibbald RG, Toole J, Vender R, Zip C. Acitretin Use in Dermatology. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017; 21(3_suppl):2S-12S.

-Huang D, Jiang X, Yang N, Wang Y, Li Y, Yi X, Guo C, Gao Y, Shi Y. Upadacitinib Versus Acitretin for the Resolution of Pustules in Palmoplantar Pustulosis During Acute Phase: A Single-Center, Open-Label Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2025; 26(5):843-850.

-Li J, Wang S, Li XD, Han Y. Combination of secukinumab and acitretin for generalized pustular psoriasis: A case report and review of literature. J Int Med Res. 2024; 52(4):3000605241247702.

-Ling MR. Acitretin: optimal dosing strategies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 41(3 Pt 2):S13-7.

-Balak DMW, Gerdes S, Parodi A, Salgado-Boquete L. Long-term Safety of Oral Systemic Therapies for Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020; 10(4):589-613.

-Iest J, Boer J. Combined treatment of psoriasis with acitretin and UVB phototherapy compared with acitretin alone and UVB alone. Br J Dermatol. 1989;120(5):665-70.

-Lee CS, Li K. A review of acitretin for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009; 8(6):769-79.

-Roenigk HH Jr. Acitretin combination therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 41(3 Pt 2):S18-21.

–Mahé E, Beauchet A, Hadj-Rabia S, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Mallet S, Phan A, Severino-Freire M, Boralevi F, Aubert H, Barthélémy H, Girard C, Martin L, Piram M, Barbarot S, Balguerie X, Zitouni J, Phan C, Di Lernia V; Groupe de Recherche sur le Psoriasis (GrPso) of the Société Française de Dermatologie (SFD), Groupe de Recherche de la Société Française de Dermatologie Pédiatrique (GR SFDP), and Società Italiana di Dermatologia Pediatrica (S.I.Der.P.). Biologics combined with conventional systemic agents for the treatment of children with severe psoriasis. Real-life data from the BiPe cohorts and a practice survey among French and Italian pediatric dermatologists. Dermatol Ther. 2022; 35(11):e15828.

-Heath MS, Sahni DR, Curry ZA, Feldman SR. Pharmacokinetics of tazarotene and acitretin in psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018; 14(9):919-927.

-Korman AM, Milani-Nejad N. Darier Disease. JAMA Dermatol. 2020; 156(10):1125.

-Atzori L, Zanniello R, Lappi A, Pinna AL, Ferreli C, Rongioletti F, Pilloni L. Successful treatment of erythrodermic pityriasis rubra pilaris with acitretin. Dermatol Ther. 2018; 31(5):e12694.

-Steijlen PM, Van Dooren-Greebe RJ, Van de Kerkhof PC. Acitretin in the treatment of lamellar ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol. 1994; 130(2):211-4.

-Pasmatzi E, Kousparos G, Mytidou C, Nicolaou N, Tanteles GA, Badavanis G, Monastirli A, Tsambaos D. Persistent generalized Grover disease: complete remission after treatment with oral acitretin. Dermatol Online J. 2019; 25(3):13030.

-Alamri A, Alsenaid A, Ruzicka T, Wolf R. Hypertrophic lichen planus – successful treatment with acitretin. Dermatol Ther. 2016; 29(3):173-6.

-Lens M, Medenica L. Systemic retinoids in chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008; 9(8):1363-74.

-Hardin J, Mydlarski PR. Systemic retinoids: chemoprevention of skin cancer in transplant recipients. Skin Therapy Lett. 2010; 15(7):1-4.

-Sanmartín V, Aguayo R, Baradad M, Casanova JM. Oral acitretin and topical imiquimod as neoadjuvant treatment for giant basal cell carcinoma. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012; 103(2):149-52.

-Offidani A, Marzano AV, Peris K, Molinelli E, Bettoli V, Magnoni C, Vaienti L, Pappagallo G, Amerio P, Atzori L, Balato A, Bianchi L, Bongiorno MR, Contedini F, Dapavo P, Di Benedetto G, Dini V, Donini M, Fabbrocini G, Fania L, Foti C, Gatti A, Guarneri C, Malara G, Manfredini M, Morrone P, Naldi L, Parodi A, Potenza C, Schianchi S, Stingeni L, Trovato E, Vaira F, Valenti M, Venturini M, Chiricozzi A, Prignano F. Guidelines How to Integrate Surgery and Targeted Therapy with Biologics for the Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Delphi Consensus Statements from an Italian Expert Panel. Dermatology. 2024; 240(5-6):885-896.

-Tan MG, Shear NH, Walsh S, Alhusayen R. Acitretin. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017; 21(1):48-53.

-Gottlieb AB, Ryan C, Murase JE. Clinical considerations for the management of psoriasis in women. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2019; 5(3):141-150.

-Acitretin. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006–.2026 May 15).

-Sadowska M, Narbutt J, Skibińska M, Lesiak A. Pros and cons of using systemic acitretin in the paediatric population. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2022; 39(1):34-38.

-Chiricozzi A, Panduri S, Dini V, Tonini A, Gualtieri B, Romanelli M. Optimizing acitretin use in patients with plaque psoriasis. Dermatol Ther. 2017; 30(2): doi: 10.1111.

-Balak DMW, Gerdes S, Parodi A, Salgado-Boquete L. Long-term Safety of Oral Systemic Therapies for Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020; 10(4):589-613.

-Grønhøj Larsen F, Steinkjer B, Jakobsen P, Hjorter A, Brockhoff PB, Nielsen-Kudsk F. Acitretin is converted to etretinate only during concomitant alcohol intake. Br J Dermatol. 2000; 143(6):1164-9.

-Durán CE, Riera-Arnau J, Abtahi S, Pajouheshnia R, Hoxhaj V, Gamba M, Alsina E, Martin-Perez M, Garcia-Poza P, Llorente-Garcia A, Gonzalez-Bermejo D, Ibánez L, Sabaté M, Vidal X, Ballarín E, Sanfélix-Gimeno G, Rodríguez-Bernal C, Peiró S, García-Sempere A, Sanchez-Saez F, Ientile V, Ingrasciotta Y, Guarneri C, Tanaglia M, Tari M, Herings R, Houben E, Swart-Polinder K, Holthuis E, Huerta C, Gini R, Roberto G, Bartolini C, Paoletti O, Limoncella G, Girardi A, Hyeraci G, Andersen M, Kristiansen SB, Hallgreen CE, Klungel O, Sturkenboom M. Impact of the 2018 revised Pregnancy Prevention Programme by the European Medicines Agency on the use of oral retinoids in females of childbearing age in Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, and Spain: an interrupted time series analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023; 14:1207976.

-Backran D, Ahmad S, Hansen JM, Almarsdóttir AB, Jacobsen R. The Awareness of and Adherence to the Pregnancy Prevention Program for Oral Retinoids: A Questionnaire Survey in Denmark. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2024; 33(10):e70023.

-Chien AL, Qi J, Rainer B, Sachs DL, Helfrich YR. Treatment of Acne in Pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016; 29(2):254-62.

-Rau A, Keri J, Murase JE. Management of Acne in Pregnancy. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024; 25(3):465-471.

-You W, Choi A, Lee H, Han JY, Lee JH, Shin JY. Adverse Pregnancy and Child Outcomes in Oral Retinoid-Exposed Pregnancies: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2024; 39(26):e201).

-Cheng TT, Lo Y. Role of methotrexate in the use of biologic agents in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Dermatol Sin. 2025; 43(2):81-90.

-Elsisi AE, Abu-Risha SE, Alkabbani MA, Ramadan LA, Sokar SS. Balancing efficacy and hepatotoxicity: a comprehensive review of oral medications in psoriasis management. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025; 398(12):16355-16384.

-Holliday AC, Moody MN, Berlingeri-Ramos A. Methotrexate: role of treatment in skin disease. Skin Therapy Lett. 2013; 18:4-9

-Woo YR, Chae K, Song S, Lee S, Lee YJ, Kang H, Kim S, Kim JE. Increased Risk of Hematologic Malignancy in Moderate to Severe Psoriasis in Relation to the Use of Systemic Immunosuppressants: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2025; 40(48):e315.

-Doutre MS. Ciclosporine. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2002; 129(4 Pt 1):392-404

-Molinelli E, Campanati A, Ganzetti G, Offidani A. Biologic Therapy in Immune Mediated Inflammatory Disease: Basic Science and Clinical Concepts. Curr Drug Saf. 2016; 11(1):35-43.

-Casanova JM, Pujol RM, Ribera M. Tratamiento de la psoriasis en placas moderada y grave con fármacos biológicos. Piel: formación continuada en dermatología. 2008; 23:479-481.

–Kaushik SB, Lebwohl MG. Psoriasis: Which therapy for which patient: Psoriasis comorbidities and preferred systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80:27-40.

-Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Garcia-Doval I, Doney L, Dressler C, Hua C, Hughes C, Naldi L, Afach S, Le Cleach L. Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 5(5):CD011535).

-Yiu ZZN, Becher G, Kirby B, Laws P, Reynolds NJ, Smith CH, Warren RB, Griffiths CEM; BADBIR Study Group. Drug Survival Associated With Effectiveness and Safety of Treatment With Guselkumab, Ixekizumab, Secukinumab, Ustekinumab, and Adalimumab in Patients With Psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol. 2022; 158(10):1131-1141.

-Motedayen Aval L, Yiu ZZN, Alabas OA, Griffiths CEM, Reynolds NJ, Hampton PJ, Smith CH, Warren RB; BADBIR Study Group. Drug survival of IL-23 and IL-17 inhibitors versus other biologics for psoriasis: A British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025; 39(10):1785-1795.

-Serra López-Matencio JM, Morell Baladrón A, Castañeda S. JAK-STAT inhibitors for the treatment of immunomediated diseases. Med Clin (Barc). 2019; 152(9):353-360.

-Raychaudhuri SP, Raychaudhuri SK. JAK inhibitor: Introduction. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2023; 89(5):688-690.

-Garcia-Melendo C, Cubiró X, Puig L. Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Dermatology: Part 2: Applications in Psoriasis, Atopic Dermatitis, and Other Dermatoses. Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed). 2021; 112(7):586-600.

-Wallace DV. Treatment options for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2022; 43(6):474-493.

-Boesjes CM, Van der Gang LF, Zuithoff NPA, Bakker DS, Spekhorst LS, Haeck I, Kamsteeg M, De Graaf M, De Bruin Weller MS. Effectiveness of Upadacitinib in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis including those with Inadequate Response to Dupilumab and/or Baricitinib: Results from the BioDay Registry. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023; 103:adv00872.

-Chovatiya R, Paller AS. JAK inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021; 148(4):927-940.

-Müller S, Maintz L, Bieber T. Treatment of atopic dermatitis: Recently approved drugs and advanced clinical development programs. Allergy. 2024; 79(6):1501-1515.

-Kim RW, Lam M, Abuabara K, Simpson EL, Drucker AM. Targeted Systemic Therapies for Adults with Atopic Dermatitis: Selecting from Biologics and JAK Inhibitors. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024 ;25(2):179-193.

-Ungar B, Renert-Yuval Y, Dlova NC, Jabbari A, King B, Mesinkovska NA, Rudnicka L, Sinclair R, Guttman-Yassky E. Alopecia areata. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2025; 11(1):77.

-Adhanom R, Ansbro B, Castelo-Soccio L. Epidemiology of Pediatric Alopecia Areata. Pediatr Dermatol. 2025; 42 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):12-23.

-Lee HH, Gwillim E, Patel KR, Hua T, Rastogi S, Ibler E, Silverberg JI. Epidemiology of alopecia areata, ophiasis, totalis, and universalis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 82(3):675-682.

-Bertolini M, McElwee K, Gilhar A, Bulfone-Paus S, Paus R. Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol. 2020; 29(8):703-725.

-Paus R, Bulfone-Paus S, Bertolini M. Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Revisited: The Key to Alopecia Areata Management. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2018; 19(1):S12-S17.

-Morandi F, Pistoia V. Interactions between HLA-G and HLA-E in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Immunol. 2014 ;5:394.

-Gilhar A, Keren A, Shemer A, d’Ovidio R, Ullmann Y, Paus R. Autoimmune disease induction in a healthy human organ: a humanized mouse model of alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol. 2013; 133(3):844-847.

-Bi L, Wang J, Yang J, Zhuang Z, Chen K, Xu Z, Zuo X, Xu J, Sheng Y, Cui Y. Multi-omics analyses, cell experiments, and network pharmacology tools identified key proteins and candidate drugs for alopecia areata treatment. Clin Proteomics. 2025; 22(1):22.

-Peterson DM, Craiglow BG, Mesinkovska NA, Ko J, Senna MM, King BA. It is all alopecia areata: It is time to abandon the terms alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022; 87(5):e149-e151.

-Rudnicka L, Arenbergerova M, Grimalt R, Ioannides D, Katoulis AC, Lazaridou E, Olszewska M, Ovcharenko YS, Piraccini BM, Prohic A, Rakowska A, Reygagne P, Richard MA, Soares RO, Starace M, Vañó-Galvan S, Waskiel-Burnat A. European expert consensus statement on the systemic treatment of alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024; 38(4):687-694.

-Dahabreh D, Jung S, Renert-Yuval Y, Bar J, Del Duca E, Guttman-Yassky E. Alopecia Areata: Current Treatments and New Directions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2023; 24(6):895-912.

-Sanchez K, Englander H, Salloum L, Gregoire S, Biba U, Ershadi S, Mostaghimi A. Evaluating Current and Emergent JAK Inhibitors for Alopecia Areata: A Narrative Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2025; 15(10):2749-2764.

-Westerkam LL, McShane DB, Nieman EL, Morrell DS. Treatment Options for Alopecia Areata in Children and Adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2024; 26(3):245-257.

-Zhang X, Jiang Y. Predictors and Management of Inadequate Response to JAK Inhibitors in Alopecia Areata. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024; 25(6):975-986.

-Kushnir-Grinbaum D, Bokhari L, Frewen J, Moussa A, Triwongwaranat D, Ghiya R, Dias FR, Yong SS, Bhoyrul B, Dabbagh Z, Kazmi A, Daunton A, Li J, Yip L, Lai V, York K, Cranwell W, Wall D, Eisman S, Sinclair R. Systemic Treatment of Moderate to Severe Alopecia Areata in Adults: Updated Australian Expert Consensus Statement. Australas J Dermatol. 2025; 66(7):e444-e460.

-Liu Y, Liu Z, Li D, He X, Xiang L, Li B, Zhang C. Emerging role of regulatory T cells in the immunopathogenesis of vitiligo and implications for treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2025; 192(5):796-806.

-Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: A Review. Dermatology. 2020; 236(6):571-592.

-Ezzedine K, Eleftheriadou V, Whitton M, van Geel N. Vitiligo. Lancet. 2015; 386(9988):74-84.

-Liu K, Zhou L, Shi M, Cong T, Yang X, Zhou X, Cheng M, Ma C, Yao S, Ying P, Mu Z, Wu Y. JAK inhibitors in immune regulation and treatment of vitiligo. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2024; 80:87-96.

-Cunningham KN, Rosmarin D. Vitiligo Treatments: Review of Current Therapeutic Modalities and JAK Inhibitors. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2023; 24(2):165-186.

-Ferreira C, King B, Torres T. JAK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Vitiligo: Current Evidence and Emerging Therapeutic Potential. Drugs. 2025; 85(12):1521-1534.

-Inoue S, Suzuki T, Sano S, Katayama I. JAK inhibitors for the treatment of vitiligo. J Dermatol Sci. 2024; 113(3):86-92.

-Phan K, Phan S, Shumack S, Gupta M. Repigmentation in vitiligo using janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors with phototherapy: systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022; 33(1):173-177.

-Benucci M, Bernardini P, Coccia C, De Luca R, Levani J, Economou A, Damiani A, Russo E, Amedei A, Guiducci S, Bartoloni E, Manfredi M, Grossi V, Infantino M, Perricone C. JAK inhibitors and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2023; 22(4):103276.

-Chikhoune L, Poggi C, Moreau J, Dubucquoi S, Hachulla E, Collet A, Launay D. JAK inhibitors (JAKi): Mechanisms of action and perspectives in systemic and autoimmune diseases. Rev Med Interne. 2025; 46(2):89-106.

-Bowers W, Blum MA. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 2026 Mar 23. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.

-Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Anders HJ, Andersen J, Aringer M, Beresford MW, Doria A, Frangou E, Furie R, Gladman DD, Houssiau F, Karras A, Kouloumas M, Madenidou AV, Malvar A, Marinaki S, Mok CC, Moroni G, Parodis I, Rednic S, Santos CS, Scire CA, Smolen JS, Tamirou F, Tanaka Y, Teng YKO, Welin E, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with kidney involvement: 2025 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2026; 85(1):75-90.

-Ceobanu G, Edwards CJ. JAK inhibitors in systemic lupus erythematosus: Translating pathogenesis into therapy. Lupus. 2024; 33(13):1403-1415.

-Merrill JT, Saxena A, Aringer M, Tanaka Y, Zeng X, Cheng L, Doan TT, D’Cruz D, Masri KR, D’Silva KM. Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib as monotherapy or combined with elsubrutinib for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: results through 104 weeks in a long-term extension study. RMD Open. 2025; 11(3):e005742.

-Fu Y, Feng T, Sun C, Wang H, Shi Y. Clinical correlates and predictors of thrombocytopenia in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2026. doi: 10.1186/s12969-026-01234-3.

-De Rosa C, Di Marco G, Bottino V, Pesce N, Brunetti AP, Stabile G, Guida S, Rongioletti F. Are systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma (morphea) part of a common disease spectrum? A systematic review on their coexistence. Clin Dermatol. 2025; 43(6):850-858.

-Di Battista M, Lepri G, Codullo V, Bianchessi L, Ghezzi G, Della Rossa A, Guiducci S, Del Galdo F. Systemic sclerosis: one year in review 2025. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2025 Aug;43(8):1369-1379.

-Moriana C, Moulinet T, Jaussaud R, Decker P. JAK inhibitors and systemic sclerosis: A systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2022; 21(10):103168.

-Zalewski A, Szepietowski JC. Topical and systemic JAK inhibitors in hand eczema – a narrative review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2023; 19(4):365-373.

-Yoon S, Kim K, Shin K, Kim HS, Kim B, Kim MB, Ko HC, Kim YH. The safety of systemic Janus kinase inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024; 38(1):52-61.

-Yanovsky RL, Huang KP, Buzney EA. Optimizing Narrowband UVB Phototherapy Regimens for Psoriasis. Dermatol Clin. 2020; 38(1):1-10.

-Esmat S, Hegazy RA, Shalaby S, Hu SC, Lan CE. Phototherapy and Combination Therapies for Vitiligo. Dermatol Clin. 2017; 35(2):171-192.

-Ortiz-Salvador JM, Pérez-Ferriols A. Phototherapy in Atopic Dermatitis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017; 996:279-286.

-Legat FJ. Stellenwert der Phototherapie in der Behandlung des chronischen Pruritus. Hautarzt. 2018; 69(8):631-640.

-Yu Z, Wolf P. How It Works: The Immunology Underlying Phototherapy. Dermatol Clin. 2020; 38(1):37-53.

-Raone B, Patrizi A, Gurioli C, Gazzola A, Ravaioli GM. Cutaneous carcinogenic risk evaluation in 375 patients treated with narrowband-UVB phototherapy: A 15-year experience from our Institute. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2018; 34(5):302-306.

-Jacob J, Pona A, Cline A, Feldman S. Home UV Phototherapy. Dermatol Clin. 2020; 38(1):109-126.

-Richard EG. The Science and (Lost) Art of Psoralen Plus UVA Phototherapy. Dermatol Clin. 2020; 38(1):11-23.

-Dogra S, Mahajan R. Phototherapy for mycosis fungoides. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015; 81(2):124-35.